| Term | Description |
|---|---|
| Affination | Production of a magma by mixing sugar with syrup and then centrifuging the magma with or without washing |
| Affined sugar | Sugar purified by affination |
| After product sugar | Sugar of the final crystallization stage |
| Alkalinity | In the product streams of a beet sugar factory, the result of a titration with standardized acid solution to a phenolphthalein endpoint or equivalent pH, expressed as g CaO per 100 ml |
| Ash content | The solid residue left after incineration in the presence of oxygen (crude ash, carbonate ash). In analysis of sugar products, sulfuric acid is added to the sample, and this residue as sulfated ash heated to 800 °C is taken to be a measure of the inorganic constituents. Sometimes determined indirectly by measure of the electrical conductivity of solutions of the products. |
| Beet | Sugar beet root, botanically the thick main root with hypocotyl in which sugar is stored |
| Beet brei | Beet sample prepared for analysis in the form of fine particles |
| Beet clamp | Stack of stored beet |
| Beet flume | Concrete-lined ditch or metal trough designed for the hydraulic transport of beet |
| Beet knife | Rectangular piece of steel designed to slice beet into cossettes |
| Beet pile | Store of beet in suitably prepared areas of the factory yard |
| Beet pump | Special centrifugal pump used to lift beet and water |
| Beet rasp, beet saw | Devices to obtain beet brei from beet samples |
| Beet sampler | Scooping device to collect beet samples |
| Beet saw, beet saw | Devices to obtain beet brei from beet samples |
| Beet tail | Elongated lower part of the beet |
| Beet tare | Earth and other materials brought with the beet to the factory |
| Beet tops | Beet leaves and petioles, which may or may not be accompanied by crowns or pieces of crowns that are removed in the field at the time of harvest |
| Beet washer | Installation for cleaning beet (e.g. jet washer, revolving-arm washer, drum washer, cyclone washer) |
| Beet washing | Process for cleaning beet |
| Bolter | Beet plant flowering and going to seed in its first year |
| Candy crystals | Large sugar crystals produced by a special crystallization process |
| Carbonation | Introduction of carbon dioxide gas into limed juice or syrup (e.g., first and second carbonation) |
| Carbonation gas | Gas rich in carbon dioxide for use in carbonation |
| Carbonation lime | Carbonation slurry after concentration with filter presses to about 70% DS |
| Carbonation sludge | Carbonation slurry after concentration with vacuum filters to 4550 % DS |
| Carbonation slurry | Turbid liquid consisting of juice and carbonation precipitate (e.g. 1st carbonationslurry, 2nd carbonation slurry) |
| Carbonation slurry concentrate | Carbonation slurry after concentration with thickening filters or decanters |
| Centrifugal | |
| Clarifier | Apparatus for the elimination by sedimentation of suspended solids from a turbid liquid |
| Color | Attenuation index, determined under defined conditions.According to ICUMSA the color is measured at 420 nm and given in ICUMSA units (IU). Most of data given in this book contain the index 420 or 560 for the wavelength, which is not in accordance with ICUMSA recommendations. |
| Color type | Result of the visual assessment of white sugar against standards |
| Condenser water | Mixture of condensate and cooling water produced by a direct-contact condenser |
| Conglomerate | Intergrown cluster of several crystals |
| Cooling crystallization | Crystallization by cooling of the magma |
| Cooling crystallization effect | Difference in the purity of the mother liquor of the magma at the beginning and end of the crystallization by cooling |
| Cooling crystallizer | Vessel for crystallization by cooling |
| Cossette scalder | Component of extraction plant, where |
| Cossettes | Beet slices produced by a beet slicer |
| Crystal content | Proportion by mass of crystals in the magma |
| Crystal growth rate | Increase in crystal mass in relation to time and surface |
| Crystallizate | Crystal fraction obtained by crystallization |
| Crystallization | Nucleation and growth of crystals |
| Crystallization rate | Crystal mass produced per time unit |
| Crystallization scheme | Defines the number of crystallization stages |
| Crystallization vapor | Vapor created in evaporating crystallization |
| Cycle time | (a) In batch evaporating crystallization: time from start of drawing in a charge to the beginning of the next (b) In centrifuging: time from start of loading the centrifugal to the beginning of the next charge |
| Defeco-carbonation | Process step in juice purification in which the juice is simultaneously brought into contact with lime and carbon dioxide |
| Denaturation | Deliberate alteration of beet cells, often by heat, in preparation for extraction |
| Deteriorated beet | Beet of reduced suitability for processing due to external causes, e.g. frost |
| Dried pulp | Pulp, which has been dried and sometimes pelleted |
| Dried sugar beet cossettes | Commercial term for dried (including pressed) cossettes from which no sugar has been extracted |
| Dry substance | In most cases moisture-free substance |
| Entrainment separator | Apparatus for removing syrup or magma from vapor |
| Evaporating crystallization | Crystallization by evaporation of the solvent |
| Evaporating crystallization effect | Difference between the purity of the magma and the purity of the mother liquor of the magma on discharge |
| Evaporating crystallization process | Process of evaporating crystallization. Batch: from opening of the feed valve to discharge of the massecuite |
| Evaporating crystallizer | Apparatus for crystallization by evaporation |
| Evaporator effect | Evaporator(s) operating at a given steam pressure (e.g. first effect, second effect). Condensates and vapors are labelled correspondingly (e.g. first condensate or vapor:condensate or vapor from the first effect) |
| Exhausted cossettes | Cossettes leaving the extraction plant |
| Extraction | Process of obtaining juice from sugar beet or sugar cane; the term diffusion should be used only for the physico-chemical process |
| Extraction fresh water | Water introduced into the extraction plant in addition to press water |
| Extraction losses | Quantity of sugar entered but not contained in the raw juice as a percentage of the beet or cane mass |
| False grain | Undesirable small crystals |
| Fanged beet | Beet with multiple tap roots |
| Feed syrup | Supply syrup for crystallization |
| Flume water | Water used to transport beet |
| Green run-off (syrup) | First syrup produced on centrifuging a magma |
| Injection water | Water for jet condenser |
| Invert sugar | Mixture of (close to) equal parts of glucose and fructose resulting from the hydrolysis of sucrose (inversion) |
| Juice purification | Partial removal of nonsugar substances from the raw juice while producing a thin juice |
| Knife block | Box-like device used to hold a number of knives in the disk or drum of a slicing machine |
| Liming | Process step in juice purification in which quicklime or milk of lime is introduced into the juice (also preliming, main liming, intermediate liming before 2nd carbonation) |
| Magma | Mixture of crystals and syrup |
| Massecuite | Magma in evaporating or cooling crystallizer, mixer or centrifugal |
| Mixer | Apparatus to distribute magma to the centrifugals |
| Molassed dried pulp | Commercial term for a mixture of dried pressed pulp and molasses |
| Molasses | The sugar-bearing product of the sugar end whose purity has been reduced to the point that further crystallization of sugar is not economical feasible without special treatment of molasses (chapter 17) |
| Monogerm seed | Genetically single-germ seed |
| Mush content | Portion of cossettes less than 1 cm long |
| Nonsucrose | Substances contained in raw material and ist products except sucrose and water |
| Nonsucrose content | Difference between dry substance content and its sucrose content |
| Nonsugar | Common overall term for substances contained in the raw materials and products of the sugar industry except sucrose (sugar) and water |
| Nonsugar content | Difference between dry substance content and sugar content in the meaning of Sugar content (a) and (b) (q.v.) |
| Nucleation | Generation and development of small crystals capable of growth |
| Pelleted seed | Beet seed brought to uniform size by coating |
| Piled beet | Stored beet (as distinct from freshly harvested beet) |
| Polarization | Term customarily used in sugar analysis for the optical rotation of a sugar industry product, measured under the same conditions |
| Precision seed | Monogerm seed produced from multi-germ seed by rubbing and grading |
| Preparation index | Percentage ratio of dry substance in ruptured cells to total dry substance in cane |
| Press water | Liquid effluent from the pulp presses |
| Press water pulp | Particles of exhausted cossettes contained in the press water |
| Pressed pulp | Pressed, exhausted cossettes, leaving the pulp presses |
| Processed seed | Beet seed brought to a uniform size by mechanical treatment and screening |
| Purity | Sugar content as percent of dry substance content |
| Raw juice | Juice obtained from beet or cane after extraction, pressing or milling |
| Raw juice draft | Mass of juice drawn from the extraction plant as percent of mass of cossettes introduced |
| Recoverable sugar | Part of the sugar in beet, which can be obtained as white sugar in % on beet |
| Refining | Purification of sugar through recrystallizing and chemical and physical methods |
| Remelt syrup | Solution of washed or affined sugar |
| Run-off (syrup) | General term for syrups produced on centrifuging a magma |
| Sand separator | Apparatus which separates sand and earth from a liquid stream, such as raw juice, press water, or flume water |
| Seed magma | Suspension of crystals as the basis for controlled crystal growth |
| Seeding | (a) Mechanical or thermal intervention with the aim of inducing nucleation (b) Introduction of a finite number of crystal fragments in form of a slurry for crystal growth |
| Silin number | Length in meters of 100 grams of cossettes |
| Single-germ seed | General term for precision and monogerm seed |
| Slicer (beet) | Machine designed to hold knives in knife blocks to produce cossettes |
| Sludge transport water | Water for the hydraulic transport of carbonation sludge or beet soil |
| Soil separator | Equipment for the mechanical separation of soil from beet |
| Stone separator | Equipment for the mechanical separation of stones or rocks from beet |
| Sucrose | Common term for the disaccharide α-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-fructofuranoside |
| Sucrose content | See: Sugar content |
| Sugar | Term for the disaccharide sucrose and products of the sugar industry essentially composed of sucrose |
| Sugar content | (a) Sucrose content |
| Sugar content | (b) Total sugar content |
| Sugar content | (c) Recoverable sugar |
| Sulfitation | Introduction of sulfur dioxide to juice |
| Supersaturation coefficient | Quotient formed by dividing the sugar/water ratio of a supersaturated solution by the sugar/water ratio of a saturated solution under the same conditions (temperature and purity or nonsugar/water ratio) |
| Supersaturation, critical | Supersaturation at which nucleation begins spontaneously |
| Swedish number | Ratio of the mass of cossettes longer than 5 cm to those shorter than 1 cm |
| Syrup | General term for sugar solutions of higher concentration |
| Tailings separator | Apparatus for the ballistic separation of tails (beet particulate material) from trash |
| Thick juice | Concentrated juice following evaporation |
| Thickening filter | Apparatus for concentrating the sediment in carbonation slurry by filtering |
| Thin juice | Evaporator supply juice which may have been delimed or sulfitated |
| Top tare | The part of the beet to which the petioles are attached; botanical the epicotyl |
| Topping | (a) Separation of the beet tops (b) Removing part of the cane stalk above natural breaking point |
| Transport water | Water used to transport beet |
| Trash separator | Device for the removal of vegetable matter floating in flume and wash water |
| Ventilation of stored beet | Introduction of air current in order to maintain desired storage temperature |
| Wash run-off (syrup) | Syrup produced in washing sugar during centrifuging |
| Washing | Washing of the crystals during centrifuging with syrup, water or steam |
| Washing off | Unloading of beet by water jet |